In interior design we have the luxury of working within three dimensional space (length, width and height). This three dimensional space can be filled or left empty. Space can be split into two categories: positive and negative space. Positive space is space containing objects and negative space is the open/empty space (including any space between objects). Striking a balance between the negative and positive spaces of a room is essential to avoid overcrowding or sparseness. Different design styles will lend themselves to different uses of space – for example, a minimalist design has far more negative space than your average eclectic design.

Horizontal, vertical and dynamic lines help to shape a room and guide the eye. Creating lines using the room’s furnishings and structural design can form harmony, unity and contrast. Horizontal lines, created by tables and other surfaces, give a sense of stability, formality and efficiency. Horizontal lines make a room appear wider and longer, and to draw the eye to a focal point. Overemphasis of horizontal lines has the ability to make the space seem boring and unfinished. Vertical lines, such as windows and doorways, evoke feelings of freedom and strength. Accentuating vertical lines often gives the illusion of a room being taller. Dynamic lines refer to diagonal, zigzag or curved lines. Dynamic lines capture our attention longer. However, too many dynamic lines in one room can be distracting, and overpower horizontal or vertical lines.

Form is the shape of the room, as well as any objects within the room. In other words, it relates to the physical form of anything that is three dimensional. Forms can usually be described as either geometric or natural. Geometric refers to hard lines and square edges, while natural relates to more organic forms that seem to be created by nature. Forms can also be open such as objects that can be looked into or closed.

Natural or man-made light is a critical aspect of any space. Without it, all of the other elements fall flat. Light can be broken into the categories of task lighting (defined purpose), accent lighting (emphasizing objects) and mood lighting (adding ambiance). Dimmers make a space much more versatile. Natural lighting can be manipulated through clever placement of doors, windows and mirrors. Beyond its functional purpose, light has the ability to set the mood and atmosphere of a space while defining colour, line and texture.

Colour is a science all on its own. It has the ability to create mood, define unity and alter the perception of how large or small a space is. The psychology of colour shouldn’t be underestimated. Colour can evoke memories and stir emotions, stimulating a physical and psychological response in our bodies. When considering the colour of a room, think about what the room will be used for. Consider how both natural and artificial lighting will affect your selected colour both day and night, given that light can alter our colour perception. Lighter or brighter colours in smaller spaces to give the illusion of more space. Darker colours can give a powerful dimension to a larger space.

Texture refers to the tactile surface of an object or finish to bring a unique dimension to the room. Just like mixing colour and pattern, textures within a space give a subtle sense of depth. From furniture to accessories to fabric, texture has the ability to add interest and detail. In essence, it gives a room feeling. Texture comes in two forms – visual texture and actual texture. Visual texture refers to texture that is perceived by the eye. In other words, this is the impression of texture one gets by only viewing an object. This effect is usually found in the form of pattern. Actual or tactile textures can be seen or felt and has 3D characteristics. A cushion can be appreciated not only with the eye but also by touch. The placement of each object in comparison to the texture of the object beside it will also add emphasis and contrast to the finished design.

Paired with colour, pattern offers a similar use to texture in that it can add appeal to a space. A pattern is created by the use a repetitive design and can be found in wallpaper, soft furnishings, rugs and fabrics. Patterns that create vertical or horizontal lines can be used to give a heightened sense of space. Patterns can bring a room to life. As a rule of thumb however, it’s best to include a maximum of three patterns, all drawing from the same colour scheme.